Crib+Sheet

Note: This is meant as a review aid – it is not a complete overview! Tsarist Russia > Peasants were forced to live in __Mirs__: a communal landholding system. > -Grants a //Duma// (Parliament) and some civil liberties. > Five Year Plans Began in 1928 > 1928-1940, 400% increase in production
 * The Russian Revolution – CRIB SHEET **
 * Geography of Russia **
 * 1/6th earth's land surface.
 * Understand difference between "Russia" and "Soviet Union" or "USSR"
 * Russian Culture ** :
 * Slavic language
 * Russian Orthodox Church
 * Byzantine Background
 * Society ** :
 * Tsar/Czar (= Caesar or Emperor)
 * Government is an autocracy
 * Most people are peasants. Most peasants were serfs until 1861.
 * Notable Rulers **
 * Ivan the Terrible 1533-1584
 * Peter the Great 1688-1725 - builds new capital city - St. Petersburg
 * Catherine the Great 1762-1796
 * Alexander I 1802-1825
 * Nicholas I 1825-1855 - begins policy of //Official Nationality// - slogan "**Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationalism**".
 * Russia **** under Alexander II 1855-81 (the Liberator) **
 * Abolition of serfdom 1861
 * Population Growth from 1860: 50 to 100 Million 1860 - 1900
 * Alexander III 1881-1894 **
 * Very rapid Industrialization under **Sergei Witte**
 * The Lead-Up to Revolution **
 * Opposition: The Intellegensia **
 * Organization - "Land and Freedom" - Populists/Narodniks
 * "The People's Will", a terrorist group, kill Tsar in March 1881.
 * New Political Parties **
 * Social Revolutionaries 1901
 * Constitutional Democrats (Cadets) 1903
 * Social Democrats 1898
 * George Plekhanov 1857-1918 Founder of Social Democrats
 * Vladmir Illich Ulyanov "Lenin" 1870-1923 **
 * Theories in What is to be Done? 1902
 * "Vanguard of the Revolution", "democratic centralism"
 * "Strategy" - long term goal, not to be altered/ "Tactics" - day to day flexibility
 * Origins of Bolshevism **
 * London Conference 1903
 * Mensheviks (=minority) split from Bolsheviks (=majority)
 * The 1905 Revolution **
 * Father Gapon - March on Winter Palace Jan 22 1905.
 * "Soviets" (Worker's Councils) set up.
 * Tsar Nicholas II responds with **The October Manifesto**
 * Government 1907-1914 **
 * Peter Stolypin 1862-1911 - Prime Minister 1906-1911
 * Nicholas I 1894 -1917 and Alexandra.
 * The Tsarvitch and Hemophilia.
 * Grigory Efimovich Rasputin (1871?-1916)
 * The 1917 Revolutions **
 * First World War 1914-1918 **
 * Russia battle preparedness - boots, guns,
 * February Revolution 1917 ** (March 1917 New Calendar)
 * Long-standing causes - peasants anger about land,
 * Population explosion 1860-1914, Workers' discontent
 * Workers Revolt - Feb 23 1917
 * ** Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers ** set up
 * A **Provisional Government** set up by the //Duma//
 * Problems: Continuation of the War, Return of Lenin and other Bolsheviks, Continuing Unrest in the cities.
 * ** Alexander Kerensky (1881-1970) ** - chief minister from July 1917. Kornilov Plot shows his weakness.
 * October Revolution 1917 **
 * Bolshevik Slogans: "**Peace, Bread and Land**", "**All power to the Soviets**"
 * Attack on Winter Palace October 1917 (November 6-7-8 new Calendar)
 * Bolsheviks Actions in Power **
 * Aim is to secure power
 * -Constituent Assembly dissolved December 1918
 * -Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3 1918 ends war with Germany
 * -Nationalization of all factories - June 1918
 * -Execution of the Tsar and his Family 1918
 * Civil War 1917-1921 **
 * Red Army, led by Trotsky, vs. the "Whites".
 * ** War Communism ** - a collection of emergency measures:-
 * -The //Cheka// - secret police from December 1917
 * -Communist Party control of the State
 * -Nationalization of production
 * -Opposition suppressed Kronstadt Rebellion March 1921
 * The Third International (Cominintern) **
 * 1919 split European socialists into "Communists" and "Social Democrats".
 * New Economic Policy March 1921 **
 * Aim - increased food production. Incentives were allowed.
 * Peasants allowed to farm for profit and small businesses with up to 12 workers allowed.
 * Economy recovered by 1927.
 * Kulaks - rich peasants become important.
 * Stalin Takes Over **
 * Struggle between **Leon Trotsky**, who wanted rapid industrialization, and **Nicolai Bukharin**, the editor of //Pravda//, who was pro-peasant.
 * ** Josef Djugushvili "Stalin" (1879-1953) ** . An ally of Bukharin. By 1912 on Central Committee. Succeeds by controlling party organization.
 * Stalin in power **
 * A revolution from above - Doctrine of "socialism in one country"
 * 1) Agriculture - collectivization of land: perhaps 10 Million people died in forced collectivization.
 * 2) Rapid Industrialization:
 * 1) Purges and Personality Cult: Show Trials 1936-38